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The management of modern computer networks becomes increasingly complex, which makes it challenging to determine and deploy decision policies that ensure effective network operation. Reasons for this are ever growing architectures with a large amount of edge and intermediate transit networks. While the first ones connect a huge variety of host systems, the second ones can provide multiple paths of either equal or unequal cost to support higher throughputs and guarantee fault-tolerance. Because devices located at the edge offer or access various network services and applications, data exchange and communication between a pair of involved systems is highly diverse. As versatile runtime behavior results in dynamic network traffic profiles that are subject to constant change, reflected patterns and conditions feature a high degree of complexity.
Two affected disciplines are network performance and security management. The former covers tasks that aim to optimize the traffic routing and forwarding in a network. The latter includes those to secure an environment against potential threats, whereby its operation is monitored to discover network attacks and apply appropriate mitigation.
Methodologies from the field of network traffic engineering can be leveraged to improve management decisions towards efficient traffic steering and reliable analysis. The general process involves network monitoring and measurement, investigation and optimization steps. In this regard, collected network state and traffic data is analyzed to determine suitable runtime policies that are deployed to pursue a desired management objective.
In the context of performance management, equal-cost multi-path routing is a widely adopted standard to distribute the load of upcoming network flows over multiple alternative paths. Since the activity time and intensity level of coherent packet streams highly vary, an inefficient load distribution may result in imbalanced path utilization states. In addition, high loads or network congestion on certain paths have a negative impact on the experience of individual flows that are forwarded along these paths. For example, the perceived latency and the achieved throughput rate may thereby be increased and decreased respectively.
One direction for improvement is to take dynamic utilization states into account during the path determination process: First, the use of monitored trends reflecting real conditions from the near past is conceivable. Second, estimated trends representing likely conditions for the near future can be considered. Thus, load balancing decisions are enhanced by performing either utilization- or prediction-aware flow routing. As the actual load of emerging network flows is thereby more evenly shared among available paths, closely balanced and thus efficient saturation levels are ensured.
In the context of security management, network intrusion detection and prevention methods help to reveal and handle network attacks. Therefore, one option is to track and export data records for coherent network flows and feed collected data as investigation input to differentiate between benign and malicious packet streams. However, commonly deployed intrusion detection systems are independent and perform isolated traffic analysis that is based on just local attack knowledge. Because attack types and scenarios constantly evolve and may be executed in a highly distributed and coordinated manner, local decision knowledge may not be sufficient to achieve an acceptable level of accuracy and reliability.
One direction for improvement is to employ collaborative traffic analysis, whereby a group of local environments forms a logical global setting. Each participant shares its local data views or locally extracted decision knowledge and contributes to a combined global perspective. While this mutual sharing process enhances overall attack detection performance, efficient data exchange and processing is of high importance to ensure scalability. At the same time, timely and granular decision outcomes are required, which enables to apply fast and effective reaction to occuring attacks on network flow level.
Machine learning can assist both of the aforementioned network management tasks. For example, traffic prediction approaches can be used to estimate load profiles for upcoming network flows or to classify an observed packet stream as either benign or malicious. In general, large amounts of network traffic data that incorporate high feature diversity can be analyzed to discover included data patterns and extract corresponding knowledge. Then, prepared prediction models can either provide decision support or enable complete autonomy. Whereas the former still involves a human operator, the latter is decoupled and relies on independent system operation. Consequently, open- and closed-loop data processing and decision-making cycles are feasible.
Since determined management decisions for traffic control highly depend on the quality of traffic prediction results, traffic monitoring methods have to deliver representative and consistent data views that are consumed as suitable analysis input.
Due to the advancements around software-defined networking and the evolvement of programmable switches, network environments can be designed, deployed and operated in a highly flexible manner. While fine-grained network monitoring, analysis and control services are enabled, functionality can be located on centralized controller or distributed switch level. Independent single-step or cooperative multi-step approaches can be provisioned in a device's reconfigurable data plane, its open and customizable operating system (local control plane) or in an assigned controller platform (global control plane). As each system tier is associated with different deployment properties, a systematic combination allows to benefit from their individual advantages. Besides flexible capabilities for initial system provisioning, dynamic runtime adaption is possible as well.
The integration of recent paradigms from the field of computer networking with selected methodologies from the field of machine learning allows to move towards self-driving network systems. In order to pursue a high-level management objective, a data processing pipeline with successive steps for continuous data collection and analysis plus subsequent policy enforcement can thereby be autonomously performed. While there are multiple sub-systems that are in charge of a particular runtime task, their individual operation and mutual interaction define overall system behavior. In general, the system's effectiveness in terms of decision efficiency and reliability must be constantly reviewed. If misbehavior or a significant deviation from intended system performance is detected, adaptation has to be initiated and appropriate change applied.
This thesis contributes approaches that enable or support effective traffic engineering tasks in the areas of network performance and security management. Therefore, advanced network analytics as well as the principles of softwarized and programmable network architectures are considered. Whereas each proposed approach covers distinct aspects on network monitoring, analysis or control, their combination makes up integrated solutions.
Regarding network performance management, predictive flow routing and forwarding is pursued to ensure more efficient load balancing in multi-pathing environments. Load profiling on network flow level allows to estimate likely path utilization states that are taken into account to balance path saturation trends over time more closely.
Regarding network security management, collaborative flow classification is pursued to improve the decision accuracy and reliability. Besides an enhanced attack detection performance, efficient data processing with scalable and timely analysis outcomes is achieved.
This paper uses both the descriptive and comparative approaches to provide an overview of migration of international students to Fulda University of Applied Sciences as a case study of Germany universities. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of migration of international students in Fulda University of Applied Sciences using secondary data on international students in Fulda University of Applied Sciences that obtained from the international office and marketing department at the international office in Fulda University of Applied Sciences. We add to the existing studies in the international literature by presenting an interesting analysis of migration of international students in Fulda University of Applied Sciences as a case study of German universities. An interesting element in our analysis is that we examine migration of international students in Fulda University of Applied Sciences compared to Germany universities. Therefore, we provide an extremely valuable contribution to the increasing debate in the international literature concerning the increasing interaction between migration and increasing internationalisation of higher education in Germany. We provide new contribution by showing the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on migrations of international higher education students to Fulda University of Applied Sciences. We examine the first hypothesis that consistent with all German universities the pattern and size of migration of international students to Fulda University of Applied Sciences increased substantially over the period (2008-2023) but the distribution showed considerable variation over the period (2008-2023). We investigate the second hypothesis that consistent with all German universities the COVID-19 Pandemic has not affected the flow of migration of international students to Fulda University of Applied Sciences (2019-2020). We find that the international students make 19.5% of total students studying in Fulda University of Applied Sciences 2023, while the international students make 16% of total students studying in German universities, 2022/23. We show that the share of international students in Fulda University of Applied Sciences (which is nearly fifth of all students studying in Fulda University of Applied Sciences (19.5%)), is above the standard rate for all German universities (16%). We find that consistent with all German universities in Fulda University of Applied Sciences, despite the fact that more than half of international students coming from ten key top countries, however, the diversity is demonstrated from the fact that the international students coming from a wider range of countries.
A unique aspect of our analysis is the presentation of a new case study on migrant international higher education students at Fulda University of Applied Sciences. This study utilizes new primary data from a short survey examining the migration patterns of international students. The survey analysed the distribution of international students at Fulda University of Applied Sciences, focusing on their regions and countries of origin, fields of study, backgrounds, motivations, challenges, and recommendations for improving the international student experience at Fulda University of Applied Sciences and in Germany overall. The survey results at Fulda University of Applied Sciences align closely with trends observed across German universities regarding international students.
This paper employs both descriptive and comparative approaches to offer a comprehensive overview of the migration of international higher education students to Germany. It presents an in-depth and recent analysis of international student migration, utilising secondary data from UNESCO on global student mobility in tertiary education and statistics from German institutions on international students in Germany. This study contributes to existing literature by examining migration trends from the perspective of Germany as a receiving country and discussing migration patterns from various global regions. As Germany is one of the most popular destinations for international study, this paper adds valuable insights into the growing intersection of migration and the internationalisation of higher education. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international student migration to Germany. The paper explores five key hypotheses: the first hypothesis examines the substantial increase in international student migration to Germany between 2000 and 2023, with considerable regional variation in distribution. The second hypothesis addresses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on international student migration flows to Germany in 2019-2020. The third hypothesis identifies the pull factors driving the increasing trend of international student migration, including economic incentives (such as low or no tuition fees, scholarships, and employment prospects), educational opportunities (such as high-quality institutions and research focus), and other factors. The fourth hypothesis explores the mixed impacts of international student migration, such as knowledge transfer, brain gain, and skill acquisition for return migrants, but also brain drain for non-return migrants. Finally, the fifth hypothesis investigates how the integration of international students into Germany's labour market benefits the country’s economy.
Research questions:
What is the variety of robots used in nursing environment?
How can the acceptance of robots by nurses be measured?
a large variety of robots are used in nursing environment: from humanoid robot until robotic devices. The questionnaire has to take the professional environment and the distance from nurses to robots into account. The Almere Model was used to complement questions using 5 point Likert scale for measuring the acceptance of the robots.
Background
Global Health has increasingly gained international visibility and prominence. First and foremost, the spread of cross-border infectious disease arouses a great deal of media and public interest, just as it drives research priorities of faculty and academic programmes. At the same time, Global Health has become a major area of philanthropic action. Despite the importance it has acquired over the last two decades, the complex collective term “Global Health” still lacks a uniform use today.
Objectives
The objective of this paper is to present the existing definitions of Global Health, and analyse their meaning and implications. The paper emphasises that the term “Global Health” goes beyond the territorial meaning of “global”, connects local and global, and refers to an explicitly political concept. Global Health regards health as a rights-based, universal good; it takes into account social inequalities, power asymmetries, the uneven distribution of resources and governance challenges. Thus, it represents the necessary continuance of Public Health in the face of diverse and ubiquitous global challenges. A growing number of international players, however, focus on public-private partnerships and privatisation and tend to promote biomedical reductionism through predominantly technological solutions. Moreover, the predominant Global Health concept reflects the inherited hegemony of the Global North. It takes insufficient account of the global burden of disease, which is mainly characterised by non-communicable conditions, and the underlying social determinants of health.
Conclusions
Beyond resilience and epidemiological preparedness for preventing cross-border disease threats, Global Health must focus on the social, economic and political determinants of health. Biomedical and technocratic reductionism might be justified in times of acute health crises but entails the risk of selective access to health care. Consistent health-in-all policies are required for ensuring Health for All and sustainably reducing health inequalities within and among countries. Global Health must first and foremost pursue the enforcement of the universal right to health and contribute to overcoming global hegemony.
To date, studies on individual and organizational health literacy (OHL) in facilities for people with disabilities are scarce. Thus, the aims of this study are (1) to adapt an existing instrument for measuring organizational health literacy (OHL), namely, the “Health literate health care organization scale” (HLHO-10), to the context of facilities for people with disabilities, (2) to quantitatively examine characteristics of OHL, and (3) to qualitatively assess the definition and role of OHL by interviewing managers and skilled staff. An online study in Germany with N = 130 managers and skilled staff in facilities for people with disabilities was conducted, using the adapted HLHO-10 questionnaire. Univariate analyses were applied. Qualitative content analysis was used to investigate interview data from N = 8 managers and skilled staff from N = 8 facilities for people with disabilities in Hesse, Germany. Quantitative results revealed that respondents reported a below-average level in HLHO-10, with the lowest level found in the attribute of participative development of health information. The qualitative findings showed a clear need for improved navigation to and in facilities. The quantitative and qualitative findings are mainly consistent. Future research and measures should focus on facilities for people with disabilities in order to strengthen the development of and access to target-group-specific health information, as well as to establish a health-literate working and living environment.
Free Trade versus Democracy and Social Standards in the European Union: Trade-Offs or Trilemma?
(2019)
This article aims at conceptualising, in analytical as well as normative-theoretical terms, the tensions between free trade, democratic and social standards, and national sovereignty that are named in Dani Rodrik´s “globalisation trilemma” for the case of the European Union (EU). It is argued that the trilemma concept is much more fitting to the EU than a simple trade-off concept. This model offers a conceptual path to both analysing existing tensions and thinking of resolving them: a) the EU has, indeed, been intervening into national democracies and national sovereignty as its legislation is superior to national legislation; b) EU legislation and judgements of the Court of Justice of the EU have been reducing national social standards; c) executives and numerous new institutions and agencies with indirect legitimation have taken over competencies that formerly lay in the domain of national directly legitimated legislatives; and d) these negative effects relate to the EU’s giving preference to the liberalisation of free trade of capital, goods and services over democracy, social standards, and national sovereignty. Against the framework of the globalisation trilemma, analysis is combined with normative-theoretical judgements on the quality democracy of the setting that has been found and a conceptual discussion. The article concludes by discussing the perspectives of the setting examined and the possible paths to solutions, arguing that in order to keep a high level of economic integration, democracy, and social standards in the EU, national sovereignty needs to give way.
- To strengthen its expanding role in global health, the German government is currently preparing a new global health strategy, to be published in 2019.
- As social, political and economic determinants are highly relevant for population health, the German government will need to increase coherence in order to promote its emphasis on creating equal opportunities and reducing inequalities in and between countries.
- For further strengthening its commitment to universal health coverage, for promoting decent work and healthy labour conditions, and for enforcing the right to health, the German government will have to stress the mandatory role of the public sector for global health
The 1st Jordanian Conference on Logistics in the Mashreq Region was organized within the framework of the research project “JOINOLOG”, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Science.
The project’s conclusion and introduction to an audience of peers was the 1st Jordanian Conference on Logistics in the Mashreq Region (JCLM1), conducted on November 14th and 15th, 2023. These are the proceedings of this final event. They consolidate the shared efforts of all participants and speakers in JCLM1. The collection of these scientific results aims to promote logistical sciences and its transfer into application, which is reflected by their multidimensional presentation in this document.